中国的碳排放权交易制度是利用市场机制积极应对气候变化、加快全社会低碳转型的重要市场工具。中国自2010年开始在建设试点探索碳排放权交易制度，并在2021年正式启动全国碳排放权交易市场。经过4年运行，全国碳排放权交易市场共覆盖电力、钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼四个行业约3600家企业。覆盖的温室气体排放量约为80亿吨，是全球覆盖温室气体排放最多的碳市场。作为新兴经济体中最早开始探索碳排放权交易制度的国家，中国碳排放权交易市场的经验对其他发展中国家也有重要的借鉴作用。
美国环保协会（Environmental Defense Fund, EDF）长期在政策制定、制度体系完善、基础设施支撑、能力建设、模拟测试等领域深度参与中国碳市场建设，并于近日发布《中国碳排放权交易制度：过去、现状和展望》报告。本报告全面梳理了中国碳排放权交易制度的历史沿革、现行政策、市场运行、成效评估及未来展望。报告第一部分回顾了中国应对气候变化的政策背景，并系统介绍了中国碳排放权交易市场的发展历程，包括地方试点的探索、全国碳排放权交易市场的启动及其行业扩围进程。在第二部分，报告详尽阐述了全国碳排放权交易市场的制度设计及政策设计逻辑，包括基于强度的总量设定、配额分配机制、监测报告与核查（MRV）体系、交易规则、履约管理及抵销机制等。第三部分回顾了地方碳排放权交易市场的建设以及其主要的经验。第四部分结合国际经验和国内的低碳政策方向，为中国全国碳排放权交易市场的持续完善提出中长期工作建议。报告为政策制定者、行业参与者及学术界提供了系统的分析与决策参考。
China's carbon emission trading system is a key market-based instrument for actively tackling climate change and accelerating the low-carbon transition across society. Since 2010, China has explored the emission trading system by establishing pilots and offfcially launched the National Carbon Emission Trading System (National ETS) in 2021. After four years of operation, the National ETS now covers approximately 3,600 enterprises in four sectors: power generation, iron and steel, cement, and aluminum smelter. The total volume of greenhouse gas emissions covered is about 8 billion tonnes, making it the worlds largest carbon market in terms of emissions coverage. As one of the earliest emerging economies to explore emission trading system, China's experience provides valuable lessons for other developing countries.
This report provides a comprehensive review of the historical evolution, current policy design, performance evaluation, and outlook of China's carbon emission trading system. The ffrst section of the report reviews the policy context of China's climate actions and systematically introduces the development process of China's carbon emission trading system, including pilot explorations, the launch of the National ETS, and sectoral expansion. The second section elaborates in details on the institutional and policy design of the National ETS, including the intensitybased cap setting, allowance allocation, monitoring, reporting and veriffcation (MRV) system, trading rules, compliance management, and offset mechanisms. The third section reviews the construction of regional carbon markets and summarizes the main lessons learned. The fourth section provides medium- and long-term recommendations for further improvement of the National ETS, drawing on international experience and domestic low-carbon policy directions. The report offers systematic analysis and decision-making references for policymakers, industry participants, and the academic community.
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